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Researchers have found what appear to be 2 key components of the long-sought-after mechanotransduction channel in the inner ear—the place where sound waves are transformed into the electrical signals that the brain recognizes as sound.
Sensory cells in the inner ear called hair cells are crucial for transforming sound into electrical signals. Hair cells also underlie our sense of balance. Sitting atop hair cells are tiny bristly structures called stereocilia. Microscopic tethers connect the tips of shorter stereocilia to the sides of adjacent taller stereocilia. Most scientists believe that as the stereocilia move, the tethers open ion channels—tiny openings in the cell that let electrically charged molecules (ions) pass in and out. The ions rushing inside begin an electrical signal that travels to the brain.
While researchers have gained many insights into mechanotransduction, the ion channels involved have remained elusive. A team of researchers led by Dr. Andrew J. Griffith of NIH’s National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) and Dr. Jeffrey R. Holt of Harvard Medical School decided to focus on 2 proteins. Griffith and other collaborators had previously found that mutations in the TMC1 gene cause hereditary deafness in both humans and mice. The TMC1 protein sequence suggests that it could span the cell’s outer membrane and act as a channel. Another protein, TMC2, has a similar structure. The scientists deleted both genes in mice. Their findings appeared on December 1, 2011, in theJournal of Clinical Investigation.
Mice with no functional copies of TMC1 or TMC2 had the classic behaviors of dizzy mice—head bobbing, neck arching, unstable gait and circling movements. They were also deaf. The TMC1 deficient mice were deaf as well, but had no balance issues. Mice without TMC2 had no problems with hearing or balance.
The scientists examined when the TMC1 and TMC2 genes are expressed (turned on) in the inner ears of mice. The 2 genes were expressed from birth in hair cells in both the cochlea, which is responsible for hearing, and the vestibular organs, which are responsible for balance. When mice were a week old, TMC2 appeared to be turned off in the cochlea but not in the vestibular organs. TMC1 continued to be expressed in mature cochlear hair cells. Taken toghter, these findings suggest that TMC1 is essential for hearing, but TMC2 is not. For balance, however, TMC2 can substitute for TMC1. Continue reading “Key Hearing Proteins Identified” »
Syracuse Woman Raises Awareness of Joining Organ Donor Registry Resident Waits for New Heart at Rochester’s Strong Memorial Hospital Carol Kankoski misses the hustle and bustle of holiday shopping, the music and the decorations. Tethered to monitors and machines during this season of giving, the Syracuse-area woman awaits the ultimate gift – a heart – [...]
Wood Cooking Stoves Combat Pneumonia A new study found that wood-burning cooking stoves with chimneys lowered exposure to wood smoke from open cooking fires and reduced the rate of severe pneumonia by 30% in children less than 18 months of age. Childhood deaths from pneumonia are relatively uncommon in the United States. But the disease [...]
Nursing Professor and Researcher Gail Ingersoll Dies at Age 62 Leaves a Legacy of Advancements in Patient Care Delivery Gail L. Ingersoll, EdD, RN, FAAN, FNAP, director of Clinical Nursing Research at Strong Memorial Hospital, and the Loretta C. Ford Professor of Nursing at the School of Nursing, died on December 5, 2011 after a battle [...]
Targeted Light Therapy Destroys Cancer Cells Scientists have developed a noninvasive technique that uses light to selectively wipe out cancerous cells in mice without harming surrounding tissue. With further research, this novel method might eventually be used to treat tumors in humans. A cluster of breast cancer cells. (Image by Annie Cavanagh. All rights reserved by [...]
Regeneration of specialized cells offers hope for treating chronic kidney disease, researchers say Damage to podocytes — a specialized type of epithelial cell in the kidney — occurs in more than 90 percent of all chronic kidney disease. Now researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have uncovered an unexpected pathway that reveals for the first [...]
URMC Researchers Receive $2.6M Grant to Help Young Smokers Quit Department of Community and Preventive Medicine provides support for smoking cessation Researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center’s Department of Community and Preventive Medicine are using a National Cancer Institute (NCI) grant to find effective ways to help young smokers quit. They have been awarded [...]
Haas Chosen to Lead National Pharmacy Organization Currently President-Elect, Will Advance to President in 2012 Curtis Haas, Pharm.D., director of Pharmacy for the University of Rochester Medical Center, was selected as president-elect of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) and will advance to the office of president in October 2012. Haas, who joined URMC [...]
Conflict and chronic poverty leave millions of Yemenis in need of relief – UN official Assistant Secretary-General Catherine Bragg (centre) meets UNHCR representatives working with IDPs and refugees in Aden, southern Yemen Large segments of the population of Yemen are enduring chronic deprivation exacerbated by the breakdown of the delivery of essential social services as [...]
Heeding UNICEF’s calls, Mexico makes progress towards free birth registration UNICEF Deputy Representative in Mexico Javier Alvarez hands a birth certificate to Alberto, a boy from the Chamula indigenous community in Chiapas 2 December 2011 – Thousands of children from indigenous communities in the southern Mexican states of Chiapas and Oaxaca received birth certificates after [...]
Diasporas have important role to play in fostering development, says Assembly President 2 December 2011 – The President of the General Assembly today highlighted the important economic contributions of diasporas and stressed the need to help them achieve their full potential. “Our collective action must be directed towards supporting diasporas, so that their contributions to [...]
Withdrawal-Ease is a proprietary blend of 16 vitamins, amino acids and herbs. In NIH clinical studies, each ingredient has been found to treat the different withdrawal symptoms and have an overall beneficial effect on our health.
Saw palmetto Treatments
In men: used to treat and relieve symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); shrinks the prostate and releases the squeeze of the urethra, so that, urine flows normally; increases urine volume, decreases frequent urination, and more ease of urination.
In women: helps relieve painful periods and regulates the menstrual cycle; stimulates the production of prolactin, a female hormone that promotes breast enlargement. Used to treat urinary tract and bladder infections; has an aphrodisiac effect by enhancing sexual functioning and sexual desire.
Actually, there is no reason to be embarrassed. Enlarged breasts are common among teenage boys and men, and breast reduction surgery is increasingly popular among guys. In fact, in the US it’s the fourth most popular cosmetic surgical procedure among males, with nearly 17,000 of them performed in 2009 alone.
Meditation, stress management – extremely useful in things like migraine, irritable bowel syndrome, stomach ulcers, muscular-skeletal disorders, hypertension, heart disease, patients coping with cancer.
And yet it takes a lot of time to learn these techniques. So it is really a matter of great joy for me and a lot of gratification that today we have technology that can help people learn these mind-body techniques much more quickly than it did in the past. What it took for people, even yogis, several months or several years to learn, today can be facilitated through technology.
The specific type of birth defect depends on the systems in the fetus developing at the time of alcohol exposure. Organ systems are most vulnerable to damage by alcohol during the period of most dynamic development. The damage seen in animal models roughly corresponds to weeks 3 to 8 in human pregnancy. However, if a woman drinks any time throughout her pregnancy, damage may occur.
